The African-American Odyssey Essay

The liberation of the African slave who was presently disengaged from their customs and lifestyle after about 300 years, is apparently an incredible spout from the dam to the recurring patterns of the battle. The finish of subjugation as we probably am aware it, introduced a chunk of blended feelings among the country; North and SOUTH. A few slaves were horribly blissful to be free. For instance, when a slave young lady named Caddy, from Goodman, Mississippi discovered she was free, went to her escort, flipped up her dress and advised her â€Å"Kiss my rear end! † actually, a few slaves were troubled of being free. For instance, one old slave lady apparently stated, â€Å"I ain’ no free nigger! I is got a marster and mistiss! Dee right dar in de incredible house. Ef you don’ trust me, you go dar an’ see. † Though most slaves were disengaged from their families, many figured out how to refocus and discover their adoration ones after their liberation and developed affectionate families. Land was a feasible methods for endurance in the brains of recently freedmen and the administration was anxious to consider grounds to the ex-slaves . On January 16, 1865, General William T. Sherman told the freedmen that they will get the land they were looking for. They were conceded the leader of every family would get â€Å"possessory title† to forty sections of land of land. Sherman likewise gave the utilization of Army donkeys, along these lines offering ascend to the trademark, â€Å"Forty sections of land and a donkey. † Similarly in 1862 the Union military put aside land in Port Royal, South Carolina, which got known as the Port Royal analysis. The freedmen department was made to help recently liberated slaves in the progress from servitude to opportunity in 1865. After Lincoln’s death the progression of his Vice president, Andrew Johnson, to the administration implied that the white proprietors of the terrains, that were given to the freedmen, would be returned. Sharecropping turned into such an ebb in the stream of the African-American movement most definitely. Introduced as work decreases by white land proprietors, the foundation of bondage was reached out under a haze of obligation. In which, the dark family, oft times became indebted individuals because of the absence of genuineness on the record of their white loan specialist. Beside family, among African-Americans, the â€Å"black church† turned into the most significant establishment. â€Å"Not just did it fill profound otherworldly and persuasive needs, it offered improving music, gave good cause and empathy to those out of luck, created network and political pioneers, and was liberated from white oversight. † With the finish of subjection, blacks who at that point needed to go to administrations with white parishioners who regarded them as below average Christians, could now compose and go to their own houses of worship. The coming of the dark church certainly realized a stream in the waterway of battle for African-Americans. Training was another â€Å"flow† in the waterway of battle and a basic methods for endurance among ethnic minorities. It corresponded nearby opportunity. All who were versed in training of numerous kinds were called to educate the freedmen and their kids. Instructors from all strolls appeared. Classes were held in holy places, old slave markets, corrals, bars, homes, and previous slave lodges. Subsidizing originated from different strict and political associations and the Freedmen’s Bureau. Albeit white educators helped somewhat, dark instructors were lauded all through the negro network in light of the fact that, as Rev. Richard H. Cain said â€Å", We should assume control over the training of our race†¦ Legit, stately whites may show well, however it has not the impact to magnify the dark man’s assessment of his own race, since they have consistently been prone to see white men in regarded positions, and regarded. † Most schools and colleges for blacks showed basic and auxiliary level educational program. The presentation of the verifiably dark schools and colleges was framed from the possibility of an advanced education for ethnic minorities. Amidst the newly discovered opportunity, strict association, and instruction of Negroes which was a conspicuous â€Å"flow†, a reoccurring â€Å"ebb† introduced itself as viciousness. Equity for the person of color was never considered in those occasions. A large number of guiltless African-Americans were egregiously killed without a solitary conviction of a white culprit whom submitted the demonstrations. On the killings, dark towns, organizations, houses of worship, and schools were devastated because of the irate white southerners. The Failure of Reconstruction For the first run through ever, a gathering of people of color had simultaneously became government officials. They were joined by the carpetbaggers of the north and the lowlifes of the south in the Republican voting demographic. â€Å"Of the 1,000 men chose as representatives to the ten state shows, 265 were dark. † Collectively, they drafted new, striking constitutions that, in contrast to the past constitutions, permitted all men to cast a ballot; even the ex-Confederates. In spite of the fact that, the Republicans showed empathy upon their dealings with their rivals, the rowdy Southern inner self rose again against the approval of the new constitutions. At the appointed time, the larger part managed to endorse and in each state, individuals of color were chosen for workplaces. As time advanced, almost 1,500 individuals of color were in office around the all through the south. Among those were any semblance of Blanche K. Bruce, Hiram R. Revels, Joseph Rainey, Jonathan J. Wright, Francis L. Cardozo, Robert Smalls, and Ferdinand Havis. This was a â€Å"flow† that prompted inescapable â€Å"ebb† in the waterway of battle for African-Americans. That ebb introduced itself as the continuous disappointment of reproduction. Issues, for example, training, social government assistance, social liberties, land, and organizations tormented the Republican edge of thought day by day. The dark leaders’ endeavors to encourage instruction all through the dark and helpless white networks bombed generally speaking. Absence of assets is the best fault for the irregularity. At that point, there were no isolation laws, however whites would not release their kids to class with blacks. In spite of the fact that a substantial exertion among African-Americans was given toward social equality, they didn't get the regard that each other well behaved resident got. For instance, they were not obliged at inns and on open transportation, nor were they filled in as paying clients at different organizations. The blacks who worked for the white landowners were being duped every day as though they were still in bondage. White bosses would either terminate the specialist before the gather or make up freakish charges and obligations. Some fair didn’t pay by any means! Dark pioneers became burnt out on the burglary and made laws to take out such happenings. The conveyance of land among landless, yeomen, ranchers didn’t occur in some other state however South Carolina. More than fourteen thousand dark families and a couple of white families, got land. Dark organizations, lamentably, didn't and couldn't thrive because of the absence of assets during the growing of the railroad. Different organizations made attractive measures of benefit yet the African-American entrepreneurs couldn't trade out. Dark government officials established the framework for open help, training, criminal equity change at the same time, couldn't do whatever straightforwardly managed â€Å"their individuals. † Reason being, was that they were the minority in the Republican party and truth be told, were not permitted to approve their own plan. Moreover, they couldn’t concur on most things since they originated from various different backgrounds. Squabbling all through the Republican party started a â€Å"high turnover in political authority and the loss of that monetary security? This made for unpracticed administration and added to Republican burdens. † Opposition went to the gathering in different manners; Such as, the traditionalist Democrats who kept on pestering blacks who in any capacity took an interest in the political procedure and the Ku Klux Klan. The Klan, was established in Pulaski, Tennessee in 1866, by ex-confederate warriors who were â€Å"hell-bent† on destroying and additionally threatening any individual who didn’t submit to â€Å"southern culture. † They utilized any methods important to expel blacks from governmental issues. The Enforcement Act of 1870 was passed to forbid Klansmen from wearing their formal attire in broad daylight and ensured the social equality of dark residents. The next year the Ku Klux Klan Act was passed and it made the obstruction of a persons’ option to cast a ballot, hold office, jury obligation and equivalent assurance a government offense. The fifteenth amendment was passed in 1869, and later confirmed in 1870. It obviously communicated â€Å"the right to vote† to all residents however neglected to address the education tests, property ownership rule, or the survey charge that kept on plagueing voters. Radical Republicans and northern whites the same became depleted with the reliance of blacks, (through their eyes) and viewed them as unfit to be associated with the political framework. They imagined that recreation had been a misstep. The Freedmen’s Bank was established in 1865 and done well until the white governing body absurdly put resources into Washington, D. C. land. The Panic of 1873 realized a critical misfortune in unbound railroad advances. Accordingly, the bank shut in 1874. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was a demonstration of sincere goals, yet it was managed unlawful by U. S. Preeminent Court Justice Joseph Bradley who, â€Å"wrote that the Fourteenth Amendment shielded individuals of color from separation by states however not by private organizations. † The finish of Reconstruction was as merciless and petulant as the start. Blacks would not cast a ballot because of the fear based oppression caused upon them by the southern Democrats. The withdrawal of the government troops that were to ensure the privileges of minorities individuals

China - The Epicenter of Overpopulation Essay -- Exploratory Essays Re

China - The Epicenter of Overpopulation In 1999 the total populace arrived at six billion. Approximately 200,000 lives have been included every day from that point forward, around one little city seven days. This populace blast in any case, isn't uniformly circulated all through the globe. Actually, numerous nations in Europe have encountered negative populace development over the most recent ten years. It is the creating countries of our reality that are generally answerable for the exponential increment the world has started to understanding. The occupied bodied human brain has surged and rushed to discover tech-fix's to support our consistently developing populace. The populace ought to have hit an unfair limitation a couple billion individuals back, many contend that it has clarifying the 1-2 billion individuals kicking the bucket of yearning at the present time. We have arrived at a point where we are wildly expanding in size, misusing our assets in an exertion for endurance before we can start to delineate approaches to ensure them, expanding the all out yield they could give. As Edward O. Wilson says, The focal point of natural change, the worldview of populace stress, is the People's Republic of China. China is home to one fifth of the total populace, about 1.3 billion individuals. This populace is relied upon to arrive at 1.6 billion constantly 2030. Most of this populace is packed into the Yangzi River Basin, the most southern locale of China. The rush of populace was welcomed on in the late 1950's the point at which the world encountered a time of increased birth rates after the universal wars. This timespan is alluded to as the brilliant age in Chinese history. The nation had endured about 40 years of warring states and defilement from many contrasting ideological groups, so when the socialist party at long last came into power, an assembled country o... ... of water dispersion, mass open work ventures have been created and begun to battle this issue. The accomplishment of these tasks could extinguish the approaching water deficiencies of more than 300 significant urban areas. China is feeling the squeeze to discover all the tech fix's conceivable to help its huge scope incubator. In the mean time, the eyes of the world will be on China to perceive how it deals with its mass populace. Ideally, they will be effective, ideally they will discover answer and the virtuoso of mankind will have the option to keep on extending the biased based impediment that the microscopic organisms, that human populace has become, is facing. Reference index: Aird, John S. China's family arranging dread The Human Life Review, Summer 1994 Wilson, Edward O. The Future of Life (passage, the jug neck hypothesis) U.K, Random House Inc. 2002 www.gdrc.org/icm/grameen-info.html www.worldbank.org

Theorists free essay sample

Kid advancement hypotheses are a sorted out arrangement of standards intended to clarify and anticipate something. The following are some significant youngster improvement scholars and their speculations. Jean Piaget †(1896-1980) was initially a scientist before proceeding to consider the improvement of children’s understanding. He contemplated kids by watching them talking and tuning in to them while he set them undertakings to complete. He thought of the ‘Maturation Theory’ which implies that a kid basically grows up and as they develop they become ready to see more. He was said to have recommended that a child’s thinking doesn’t grow equally, however it will ‘take off’ and move into new zones and capacities. He proposed that these progressions regularly happened around the age of year and a half, 7 years and 11-12 years. Piaget’s key thoughts †Schema-The youngster makes up a hypothesis from encounters from their condition. Balance †A child’s encounters appear to fit the mapping. (Everything bodes well. ) Disequilibrium †A kid encounters an occasion that causes them to reevaluate their mapping. (Things don’t very bode well. ) Accommodation †The youngster changes their unique construction that presently fits in with their new encounters. Piaget’s phases of psychological turn of events: Sensory †engine †0-2 years Pre-activity †2-7 years Concrete operational †7-11 years Formal operational †11-15 years Piaget’s impact today †Piaget’s work has prompted early years settings and structures in the EYFS turning out to be more ’child Centred’ and giving more involved work to youngsters John Broadus Watson †(1878-1958) thought of the possibility of behaviorism as a development. He accepted that distinctions in conduct were expected to children’s various encounters of learning. He took up crafted by Ivan Pavlov who had recently worked with hounds. Pavlov saw that mutts would salivate before their food showed up; they had related different variables with their food being conveyed (People’s strides and the clamor of a can. ) Pavlov at that point proceeded to build up a test where chimes were sounded when the pooches were taken care of. In the end the canines salivated basically when they heard the chime. This was called ‘classical conditioning’. Watson thought about whether old style molding would chip away at people. In an analysis that would be dishonest today Watson researched with a multi month old child called Little Albert. He was tried on his responses to numerous items and he at first demonstrated no dread to any of them. There was one thing that caused the child pain and this was the point at which a sledge was struck on a steel bar behind his head. The noisy clamor made Little Albert cry. At 11 years old months a white rodent was appeared to the kid and the mallet would strike the bar. This was rehashed a few times throughout the following seven weeks. Albert just needed to see the rodent and he would quickly cry (regardless of whether the sledge didn’t strike the bar. ) They had demonstrated that Classical Conditioning could be utilized to make a fear. Watson’s impact today †Watson’s Classical Conditioning isn't utilized in childcare practice. In any case, we utilize the standards in the way e. g. a youngster realizing its noon when a ringer rings or in nursery’s melody time before lunch. Burrus Skinner †(1904-1990) accepted that the most ideal approach to comprehend conduct was to take a gander at the reasons for an activity and its outcomes or fortifications. He named this procedure as â€Å"Operant Conditioning†. Skinner explored different avenues regarding rodents compensating them with food when they showed conduct he needed, for this situation squeezing a switch. The rodents figured out how to rehash the compensated conduct. They would methodicallly press the switch and hold up at the position where the food was apportioned. He called this â€Å"Positive Reinforcement†. He additionally showed the rodents to show conduct he didn’t need †he gave them electric stuns when they entered a specific region of a labyrinth he made. They figured out how to evade the region. Skinner’s impact today †Most childcare Practitioners will utilize Operant Conditioning in settings consistently. We reward youngsters with applause, consideration and now and again unmistakable things like stickers, when they are respectful, to urge kids to rehash the attractive conduct. Abraham Maslow †(1908-1970) †expressed that human inspiration depends on people looking for satisfaction and change through self-improvement before they could satisfy their latent capacity or â€Å"Self-Actualisation†. Maslow discovered fifteen qualities of a self-completed individual, which he made into a pyramid and this was known as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow’s impact today †When working with youngsters and youngsters it is imperative that their essential needs are meet †warmth, food, cover †joined with having their mental needs met †love and advancement of their confidence. Early years settings need to consider the condition that they make for kids in their consideration. Albert Bandura †(1925) is a figure among Social Learning Theorists. These speculations recognize the standards of molding yet set forward the hypothesis that individuals learn in different manners, by watching and replicating others (Observational Learning. ) This type of learning is unconstrained and implies the youngster doesn't, Bandura’s work interestedly connects behaviorist and intellectual speculations, since it draws together consideration, memory and inspiration. Bandura’s impact today †Children get familiar with a great deal of their conduct from watching others. Having great positive good examples in their lives is significant as youngsters will emulate that great conduct. Kid focused settings advance positive job displaying with all experts utilized in the settings. Sigmund Freud †(1856-1939) was an Austrian Neurologist for the speculations of the oblivious brain and making Psychoanalysis, which is utilized to clarify the oblivious considerations. His advancement molded how individuals got guiding and Therapeutic work, despite the fact that his hypotheses have now been supplanted by different techniques. Freud had recommended that there were three sections that made up a person’s character The Id †this is the intuitive piece of the character. It is administered by the body’s needs, for example, appetite or discovering delight. Be that as it may, this piece of the character doesn’t consider how our needs and wants will affect on others. It was proposed that infants will cry until they get took care of or get comfort regardless of how tired their carer is or whether there are other kids that need taking care of. This is known as delight. The Ego †This is the arranging some portion of the character. It turns out to be the way to meet the Id’s needs in the most ideal manner. Children may discover that when they grin they are probably going to get their requirements met. In specific circumstances the inner self may make the Id trust that its needs will be met e. g. youngsters may discover that in the event that they take something that doesn’t have a place with them that it might be detracted from them, however on the off chance that they hold on to be offered the thing, they will in the long run get it. This is known as â€Å"Deferred Gratification†. This piece of the character is known as the presence of mind part. The superego †grows later in youth. It attempts to control the Ego and is comprised of two components, the cognizant and the Ego-Ideal †the inner voice rebuffs the Ego in the event that it gets out of hand. This is the place our blame originates from. The Ego Ideal will remunerate the Ego on the off chance that it acts effectively. This is the place our pride and certainty originate from. Freud’s impact today †Freud’s work has been intensely scrutinized at the same time, the connections he made of our oblivious psyche and activities are as yet observed as being helpful, e. g. how a kid may put their hands over their mouth when they are lying, so to stop the words coming out. Referenced from: CYPW Level 3 books http://www. Youngster Development-control. com/kid improvement hypotheses. html.

Research report explainin a recent innovation in your area of intrest Paper

Report explainin an ongoing advancement in your general vicinity of intrest or mastery - Research Paper Example Google gave the foundation of utilizing android in PDA (Jackson 6). The best ten android telephone accessible in India are LG-G3 , Sony Xperia Z3 , HTC One M8 , Motorola Moto X , HTC One E8 , Sony Xperia Z3 (smaller) , Samsung system S5 , LG Nexus 5 , Oppo Find 7a , Xiaomi Mi3. Android cell phones are the most impressive and the main large contender of apple I telephone. Android have become so amazing that it gives the clients to alter the working framework according to their prerequisite. The android telephones are tried and checked by the advanced test research facility before it is presented in the market. Android has experienced a great deal of progress and a few updates were done to improve the working framework. It has likewise included new extra, highlights for its clients. HTC has held hands with Google to dispatch the main nexus PDAs in a joint effort with Google. Google have thought of or declared Nexus and advanced mobile phones as their leader item. Android have the capacity to run the working framework which prompts the adjustments in the default launcher. Android has encouraged the client for brisk downloading, introducing, expelling and refreshing the applications from his/her own gadgets (Murphy 35). Android has become a piece of our life, since it works on battery. Android is planned in such a manner in this way, that the utilization of intensity will be negligible. When dealing with the android is halted, the activity can't be performed yet the application is open. Android has the nature of overseeing, putting away and keeping up the memory naturally in any event, when the memory of the gadget is less. It will consequently erase or evacuate the applications that are utilized once in a while and it causes the client to keep up all the information naturally, some of the time the significant application may get erased. Open Handset Alliance is the principle improvement and useful for the engineers of android. Open Handset union permits or offices the engineer to spread

Astronomy Homework Question and Answers †Second Part

Space science Homework Question and Answers †Second Part Free Online Research Papers Space science Homework Question and Answers Second Part #4. Quickly portray the cosmic employments of every one of the accompanying: Stonehenge, The Templo Mayor, The Sun Dagger, The Mayan observatory at Chichen Itza, lines in the Nazca Desert, Pawnee Lodges, the Big Horn Medicine Wheel. Stonehenge can show precisely when the mid year solstice is, by searching for the sun legitimately over a particular stone, called the Heel stone. The Templo Mayor is additionally used to stamp the seasons, by watching the sun ascend through two temles on the equinoxes. The Sun Dagger is a cut winding onto which the sun shapes a knife of light just once every year-on early afternoon of the late spring solstice. The Mayan Observatory had windows deliberately set explicitly for osbservations of Venus. The lines in the NAzca desert may look like all around voyaged walkways, however some of them are alighned in headings where the Sun or other splendid stars are at sure seasons. The Pawnee lodges had deliberately put gaps for watching the section of specific heavenly bodies. The 28 â€Å"Spokes† of the Big Horn Medicine Wheel most likely identify with the long stretch of the Native Americans, for they had a very long time of 28 days, since they didn't check the New Moon. #9. Who was Ptolemy? Quickly depict how the Ptolemaic model of the universe clarifies obvious retrograde movement while safeguarding the thoughts of an earth-focused universe. Ptolemy was an old Greek cosmologist (c. A.D 100-170) who concocted a model of the universe with the earth at the middle. His defective country of an Earth focused Universe with respect to Planetary movement was shockingly exact. His clarified the clear retrograde movement of the planets by recommending that the planets moved in littler circles while they were going along their circles. #14. Depict how Galileo helped prod acknowledgment of Kepler’s Sun-focused model of the Solar System There were three fundamental complaints that a great many people had to the Sun focused universe. 1. The Earth couldn't be moving on the grounds that items would be abandoned while the earth moved. 2. The possibility of non-roundabout circles negated the possibility that the sky must be great and perpetual. 3. Heavenly parallax should be noticeable if the Earth Orbits the Sun. Galileo had the option to answer each of the three protests. Initially, he exhibited that a moving item stays moving except if a power demonstrations to stop it (i.e, why individuals stay remaining in a plane while it is flying.) Galileo indicated that the sky could change after he manufactured a telescope in 1609, and saw defects in the Sun, moon, and Earth. He accepted that the stars were in reality unquestionably progressively inaccessible then anybody had thought, in this way not permitting space experts like Tycho Brahe to watch heavenly parallax. He never really demonstrated it, he simply had solid proof in support of its. However, the genuine demise of an Earth Centered framework came when Galileo discorved that there were four moons circling Jupiter, not the Earth, and that Venus experiences stages like the moon, and in this manner circled the Sun. Issues #2. The Date of Christmas (December 25th) is set every year as per a lunar schedule. Bogus The Date is set every year as indicated by the Tropical schedule, having a similar number of days in a year, 365, and a year. The Lunar schedule has a year, yet with just 29 or 30 days for every month, and a time of around 354-355 days. Muslims despite everything follow the Lunar schedule, however not Christians. #5. In Science, saying something is a hypothesis implies that it is extremely only a conjecture. Bogus A hypothesis is a speculation that has breezed through an expansive scope of assessments and is commonly thought to be valid. A speculation is an informed estimate. Research Papers on Astronomy Homework Question and Answers - Second PartMind TravelThe Spring and AutumnBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionResearch Process Part OneWhere Wild and West MeetAssess the significance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalHip-Hop is Art

How to work Compass

How to work Compass Hey guys, I thought I would write about how to use compass, since I was kind of lost on how to use it my first time.  Compass is  a website where current Illinois students can check their grades, submit assignments, review syllabi, and upload content. When you go to the Compass website, you will see a log in page. To log in, you need to use your university net id and password. After logging in, you will see a page similar to this one: By clicking on the names of your classes you can access the pages your instructors have set up, with other lists of assignments, syllabi, and exam review materials. ** Compass is not compatible with pages.dox or documents submitted from pages. In order for instructors or teaching assistants to have access to your assignments, convert your pages files to PDF files or Word documents. To submit an assignment, you click on the class on the first page and find the name of the assignment and click it. After clicking the assignment, you should see a bar that says “Submit. The only times an assignment won’t show the submit bar is if the assignment was already due. If an assignment is not allowing you to submit an assignment and it isn’t late, you should email your instructor immediately, and try asking other people in the class if they are having the same problem. Thats how compass works. ?? Thanks guys! Indyia Class of 2019 I’m an Art Foundation student in the College of Fine and Applied Arts, and after Art Foundation I plan on majoring in Art Education. With my degree and teaching certificate, I want to teach children how to use their emotions, thoughts, and surroundings to create art.

Ecommerce Essay - 275 Words

E-commerce (Essay Sample) Content: E-COMMERCE: ITS DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVESNameCourse TitleInstitutional AffiliationsInstructorDateElectronic commerce, often termed as ecommerce refers to business that is conducted via electronic channels, mainly through the internet and other computer networks. Ecommerce uses applications which basically rely on the internet. These applications include instant messaging, electronic mail, web services and shopping carts, among others. Ecommerce can take place between a business and a customer or between two businesses and may involve the transmission of goods, services, funds, data or their combination. This paper seeks to discuss the development of ecommerce and its future perspectives.According to Cucuzza, the achievement of appropriate procedures and security measures for ecommerce involved many years of keen development. Choi explains that prior to 1999, ecommerce had not established its foothold in the global platform. Businesses were still searching f or a secure and proper way of interacting with other businesses. Nevertheless, after the bust of the dot com era, retailers realized the great potential of the internet and decided to explore it through the use of effective marketing tools. Choi believes that the development of ecommerce has led to the expansion of the global business market. He believes that ecommerce has made it possible for products and services to come closer to the consumers. The advantages of ecommerce to the consumer include convenience and ability to exercise choice. Electronic commerce provides a platform for convenient trading since it is available twenty four hours a day and seven days a week. In terms of the exercise of choice, online stores offer a wide range of goods and services from which the consumer is able to select. In addition to this, ecommerce has a universal reach and in most cases, the customer care service is very efficient. On the other hand, the advantages of ecommerce for businesses i nclude the ability to establish market presence with minimal costs, ability to enrich the already existing market, provision of an efficient distribution chain and provision of cheaper goods and services. In addition, ecommerce has made it possible for businesses to eliminate the barriers of global trade. In this way, many goods and services are made available to consumers as virtual data, thereby removing obstacles like distance, time and cost of course. Cucuzza explains that Target, a mass retailer, is a good example of a firm which has successfully implemented ecommerce to its benefit. Apart from having physical shops, this firm has an online store which allows customers to shop for an assortment of goods and services. Notwithstanding its numerous advantages, ecommerce has some disadvantages to both consumers and businesses. Some of the disadvantages to the consumer include limited customer service, lack of instant gratification and the inability to see and touch a product. In terms of limited customer service, the consumer does not have a direct avenue for communication with the seller in order to know which item would best meet his/ her requirements. In terms of instant gratification, the consumer is not able to immediately access the purchased product since the product has to be shipped to the required destination. Finally, the consumer is not able to physically view and touch a product. Sometimes computer images do not tell the whole truth about a product and therefore the customer may end up getting dissatisfied when he/ she receives a product that is different from what was expected.Based on the foregoing advantages and disadvantages of ecommerce, expert opinion on the future of ecommerce varies significantly. Some experts are pessimistic about the future of ecommerce, while others are very optimistic about it. Those with a pessimistic view like Cucuzza feel that even though ecommerce is currently flourishing, it will not be able to sustain this gr owth in the near future due to the various security issues that are involved in electronic transactions. For instance, the number of hackers who search for opportunities everyday continues to grow thereby making ecommerce sites, payment gateways and services prone to cyber-attack. In addition, mechanical failures, which are unavoidable, may sometimes end up causing unpredictable effects on the transaction processes.However, Choi argues that despite the risks involved in internet transactions, a lot of people and many more new businesses are continuing to embrace ecommerce. The s...